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Attention, Science geeks.
So far, robots have a very poorly developed sense of touch. But researchers are taking steps in the right direction in the quest to build a robotic fingertip. If you haven't yet heard about the research that Drs. Vivek Maheshwari and Ravi Saraf, at the University of Nebraska, published in the most recent issue of Science, then you need to check it out. If you don't have access to Science, then check out Scientific American or listen to the story on NPR.
Using a self assembled electroluminescent thin film that glows in response to applied pressure, Dr. Saraf's team has built what should be the precursor to robotic skin.
The thin film consists of layers of gold and semiconducting nanoparticles that are produced out of solution, so the sensor can be built to conform to complex shapes, such as those on robotic appendages or surgical instruments.
A more detailed explanation from Nature (I believe this requires subscription):
The film is about 100 nanometres (100 x 10-9 metres) thick, roughly 1,000 times thinner than standard office paper. It is built like a sandwich of alternating layers of gold and cadmium sulphide nanoparticles, each separated by insulating polymer sheets just 2 or 3 nanometres thick.
The whole device is hooked up to electrodes that allow a current to flow through the film. When pressed onto a surface, the stress distorts the layers so that electrons can more easily hop across the insulating polymer layers and hit the cadmium sulphide particles. This makes the particles glow — the greater the stress, the more light they emit. A camera then measures the strength of the glow, which relates directly to the pressure felt by different parts of the film.
Of course, using a camera to detect the different levels of pressure may seem pretty impractical when trying to develop a robot skin. But obviously, fiber optics can transmit this information to a processing center (a novel approach). At that point, it would seem like a great idea to look into grafting this stuff onto humans with injuries. Years away, I know. Decades. But it could be done.
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